說明文的閱讀方法
說明文用平實(shí)的語言客觀地解釋或探討各種問題，如機(jī)器的制造過程、自然或社會現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因、工程項目的規(guī)劃或問題的解決方案等等，介紹自然科學(xué)、社會科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的最新成果，社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過程中出現(xiàn)的新生事物等等。說明事物可采用多種方式：例如舉例、分類法或類比、對比法，給事物下定義或分析事物產(chǎn)生的原因以及后果。舉例說明文使用例子說明事物闡明觀點(diǎn)；分解展開法著重于事物的區(qū)別、差異，分類展開法則強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的相似之處；類比說明事物如何相似，對比說明事物如何不同；因果說明文表明事物發(fā)生的原因及結(jié)果。除了用文字說明以外，說明文中常常使用數(shù)據(jù)、圖片等資料。
無論采用什么說明方法，作者都是為了說明事物的本質(zhì)特征、清晰地展現(xiàn)所說明的事物。
因此，閱讀說明文的關(guān)鍵是：抓住事物的特點(diǎn)，即抓住說明對象的本質(zhì)特征。
下面具體看看兩篇說明文。
�。�05 重慶卷 B 段）
Reading is very important to help you learn English. To learn as much as you can from reading, you need to read different kinds of English. This book provides not only different kinds of English but also a good way to check your reading ability.
There are four parts in the book:
Part 1 is Messages: In this part somebody wants to send information in writing to somebody else.
There is a test on timetables and a test on text messages.
Part 2 is People: In this part all the tests are about people. For example, there is an informal letter between friends. There is formal (正式的) English in biography (傳記) . There is a job application as a model to help with your writing, as well as testing your reading.
Part 3 is Places: In this part, too. Many different kinds of English are shown, some informal and some formal. There is the informal English of a holiday postcarD．There is also the formal English in a letter of complaint.
Part 4 is Things: You will find some descriptive writing in this part. There are descriptions of clothes and of a computer.
You can do these tests in any order you like, or you can do all the tests with a formal or informal text.
I enjoyed writing this book and I hope you enjoy using it.
解析：這篇文章使用淺顯平實(shí)的語言詳細(xì)介紹了這本書的4個部分的內(nèi)容。說明的重點(diǎn)在書的內(nèi)容，這本書的特征體現(xiàn)在它的內(nèi)容。抓住了這一特點(diǎn)，也就讀懂了這篇文章，再來做理解題，就容易多了。看看相關(guān)的理解題：
59．We can find the introduction to a product in .
A．Part 1 B．Part 2 C．Part 3 D．Part 4
60．Which of the following is most probably written in informal English?
A．A letter of complaint. B．A computer handbook.
C．A letter to a frienD． D．A story of a president.
61．The passage is most probably written for .
A．test designers B．students C．test-takers D．teachers
62．What is the best title of the book?
A．Test Your Reading B．Help with Your Writing
C．Learn Different Kinds of English D．Practise English in Different Ways
�。▍⒖即鸢福篋CBA）
（05 山東卷 E篇）
A device that stops drivers from falling asleep at the wheel is about to undergo testing at Department of Transport laboratories and could go on sale within 12 months.
The system, called Driver Alert, aims to reduce deadly road accidents by 20%--40% that are caused by tiredness. Airline pilots can also use it to reduce the 30% of all pilot-error accidents that are related to fatigue.
Driver Alert is based on a computerized wristband．The device, worn by drivers or pilots, gives out a sound about every four minutes during a car journey. After each sound the driver must respond by squeezing the steering wheel(方向盤). A sensor in the wristband detects this pressing action and measures the time between the sound and the driver’s response.
Tiredness is directly related to a driver’s response time. Usually, a watchful driver would take about 400 milliseconds to respond, but once that falls to more than 500 milliseconds, it suggests that the driver is getting sleepy.
In such cases the device gives out more regular and louder sounds, showing that the driver should open a window or stop for a rest. If the driver’s response continues to slow down, the sounds become more frequent until a nonstop alarm warns that the driver must stop as soon as possible.
The device has been delivered to the department’s laboratories for testing. If these tests, scheduled for six months’ time, are successful, the markets will bring the product to market within about a year.
解析：這篇文章說明Driver Alert這一駕駛員警報裝置。抓住了它的工作原理、功能作用就抓住了它的本質(zhì)特點(diǎn)。3、4、5自然段是理解的重點(diǎn)：開車時駕駛員腕帶上的警報會每隔4分鐘發(fā)出聲音，駕駛員聽到聲音按壓方向盤作出反應(yīng)。傳感器會探測到從聽到聲音到作出反應(yīng)之間的時間差，如果這個時間差大于500毫秒，說明駕駛員疲勞打瞌睡。了解了這個裝置的特點(diǎn)，就讀懂了這篇文章�？纯蠢斫忸}：
72．According to the text, Driver Alert _____.
A．a(chǎn)ims to reduce tiredness-related accidents
B．has gone through testing at laboratories
C．a(chǎn)ims to prevent drivers from sleeping
D．has been on sale for 12 months
73．How should a driver respond to the sounds from Driver Alert?
A．By sounding a warning. B．By touching the wristband．
C．By checking the driving time. D．By pressing the steering wheel.
74．We can learn from the text that the driver needs to stop for a break when his response time
is _____.
A．a(chǎn)bout 400 milliseconds B．below 500 milliseconds
C．over 500 milliseconds D．a(chǎn)bout 4 minutes
75．When the driver gets sleepy while driving, Driver Alert _____.
A．moves more regularly B．stops working properly
C．opens the window for the driver D．sounds more frequently and loudly
�。▍⒖即鸢福篈DCD）
【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)十九】（05遼寧卷 D篇）
While income worry is a rather common problem of the aged, loneliness is another problem that aged parents may face. Of all the reasons that explain their loneliness, a large geographical distance between parents and their children is the major one. This phenomenon（現(xiàn)象）is commonly known as “Empty Nest Syndrome”（空巢綜合癥）.
In order to seek better chances outside their countries, many young people have gone abroad, leaving their parents behind with no clear idea of when they will return home. Their parents spend countless lonely days and nights, taking care of themselves, in the hope that someday their children will come back to stay with them. The fact that most of these young people have gone to Europeanized or Americanized societies makes it unlikely that they will hold as tightly to the value of duty as they would have if they had not left their countries. Whatever the case, it has been noted that the values they hold do not necessarily match what they actually do. This geographical and cultural distance also prevents the grown-up children from providing response（回應(yīng)）in time for their aged parents living by themselves.
The situation in which grown-up children live far away from their aged parents has been described as “distant parent phenomenon”, which is common both in developed countries and in developing countries. Our society has not yet been well prepared for “Empty Nest Syndrome”.
68．According to the passage, the loneliness of aged parents is mainly caused by _________.
A．their earlier experience of feeling lonely
B．the unfavorable living conditions in their native countries
C．the common worry about their income
D．the geographical distance between parents and children
69．Many young people have gone abroad, leaving their aged parents behind, to _________.
A．live in the countries with more money
B．seek a better place for their aged parents
C．continue their studies abroad
D．realize their dreams in foreign countries
70．If young people go abroad, _________.
A．they do not hold to the value of duty at all
B．they can give some help to their parents back home
C．they cannot do what they should for their parents
D．they believe what they actually do is right
71．From the last paragraph, we can infer that ________.
A．the situations in the developed and developing countries are different
B．“Empty Nest Syndrome” has arrived unexpectedly in our society
C．children will become independent as soon as they go abroad
D．the aged parents are not fully prepared for “Empty Nest Syndrome”
【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)二十】（05遼寧卷 E篇）
There are two kinds of physical activity which require special training. The first demands exact careful movements of the muscles（肌肉）. This kind of activity must be strictly controlled because even a slight movement in the wrong direction will lead a mistake. To type quickly, for example, a person needs training; the slightest movement of a finger in the wrong direction may cause a spelling mistake. A dancer who has to dance on the point of her shoes or turn around on one foot must be trained for a long period of time before she can sense her own center and balance herself. You may have seen a girl walking on a rope across an empty space, which, too, requires a lot of practice.
The second kind of physical activity needs greater strength or extra effort. Most of us get tired if we try to run half a mile without stopping, but a specially-trained person can do this without much effort. Three years ago, some scientists carried out experiments, which produced meaningful and unexpected results. They wanted to find out whether a certain amount of physical exercise would injure those suffering from heart problems. They selected some male patients and trained them in continuous bicycle riding. They were surprised to find that the harmful effect of given amount of physical effort was actually less on the hearts of these trained patients than on those of the patients who were not similarly trained．This is important because it shows that regular physical exercise enables us to make better use of the oxygen（氧氣）we breathe in and that this training, in fact, reduces the amount of work our hearts do. Many tasks which are hard for untrained people are not hard at all for trained people.
72．The first kind of physical activity must be strictly controlled because _________.
A．a(chǎn) mistake in the wrong direction is dangerous to the fingers
B．a(chǎn) wrong movement in a direction will cause no mistakes
C．a(chǎn) movement in the wrong direction will cause a mistake
D．a(chǎn) slight movement of a finger will lead to a mistake
73．What must a dancer do before she can balance herself?
A．She must dance on the point of her shoes.
B．She must receive long-time training.
C．She must turn around on one foot.
D．She must perform again and again.
74．The experiments done by some scientists showed that ________.
A．some male patients were asked to ride bicycles regularly in the experiments
B．the physical exercise had more harmful effect on the hearts of the untrained patients
C．the physical exercise was harmless to the male patients with heart trouble
D．the physical exercise could be helpful for the patients to take in more oxygen
75．What would be the best title for this text?
A．Training Our Bodies B．Physical Activities
C．Movement Training D．Extra Body Effort
【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)二十一】（05廣東卷 C篇）
"Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the
water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?" asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh．"There is certainly a lot of energy in waves," he said．Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity．Most waves are created when
winds blow across the ocean．"The wind starts out by making little ripples (漣漪) , but if they
keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves," Taylor saiD．“Waves
are one of nature 's ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”
When waves come toward the shore, people can set up dams to block the water and send it
through a large wheel called a turbine (渦輪機(jī)) ．The turbine can then power an electrical
generator to produce electricity.
"The resource is huge," said Janet Swain of the World watch Institute．"We will never run out of wave power．" Besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as other energy sources, such as oil or coal．Oceans cover three-quarters of the Earth's surface - that would make wave power seem ideal for creating energy throughout the world, though there are some weak points yet to overcome．
Swain said that wave power still costs too much money．She also said that its effects on sea animals are still unknown．What is more, wave power could affect fishing and boat traffiC．
Traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may someday run out．"Demand for energy to
power our TVs and computers, drive our cars, and heat and cool our homes is rising rapidly throughout the world," Swain said．In the future when you turn on a light, an ocean wave could be
providing the electricity!
64．The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _______.
A．test the readers' knowledge about waves
B．draw the readers' attention to the topic
C．show Jamie Taylor's importance
D．invite the readers to answer them
65．The underlined phrase "picking up" (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to _______.
A．starting again B．speeding up C．gathering D．improving
66．We can make better use of wave energy if we _______.
A．shorten its journey to thousands of homes
B．build more small power stations on the oceans
C．reduce the cost of turning it into electric power
D．quicken the steps of producing electricity
67．It can be inferred that some day we might not worry about ________.
A．a(chǎn)ir pollution B．our boat traffic
C．our power supply D．our supply of sea fish
【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)二十二】（06安徽卷 D篇）
To extinguish (熄滅) different kinds of fires, several types of fire extinguishers have been inventeD．They must be ready for immediate use when fire breaks out. Most portable (手提式的) kinds operate for less than a minute, so they are useful only on small fires. The law requires ships, trains, buses and planes to carry extinguishers.
Since fuel, oxygen (氧氣) and heat must be present in order for fire to exist, one or more of these things must be removed or reduced to extinguish a fire. If the heat is reduced by cooling the material below a certain temperature, the fire goes out. The cooling method is the most common way to put out a fire. Water is the best cooling material because it is low in cost and easy to get.
Another method of extinguishing fire is by cutting off the oxygen. This is usually done by covering the fire with sand, steam or some other things. A blanket may be used do cover a small fire.
A third method is called separation, which includes removing the fuel, or material easy to burn, from a fire, so that it can find no fuel.
The method that is used to put out a fire depends upon the type of fire. Fires have been grouped in three classes. Fires in wood, paper, cloth and the like are called Class A fires. These materials usually help keep the fire on. Such fires can be stopped most readily by cooling with water.
69．If a fire breaks out on a bus, which of the follow should be ready there for you to use?
A．Sand B．Water
C．A blanket. D．An extinguisher.
69．To cover a small piece of burning wood with a basin in order to stop the fire is an example of .
A．separating the fire B．reducing the heat
C．removing the fuel D．cutting off the oxygen
70．In choosing how to put out a fire, we should first be clear about .
A．when it breaks out B．how it comes about
C．what kind it is D．where it takes place
71．What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?
A．Another class of fires B．Another type of extinguishers
C．How fires break out. D．How fires can be prevented．
【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)二十三】（06江蘇卷 E篇）
A new eight-kilometre road is under construction that links the port area with the motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the centre of the city. As part of the project, two four-kif0metre road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 metres below the surface and are 12 metres wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.
In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electronic signs at frequent intervals (間隔). They show traffic conditions ahead, and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining(混凝土襯砌).
Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system (排水系統(tǒng)), just below the road surface on one aide, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel, and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.
72．Each of the tunnels under construction is ___________.
A．eight kilometres long and twenty metres wide
B．eight kilometres long and six metres wide
C．four kilometres long and twenty metres wide
D．four kilometres long and six metres wide
73．Which part of the tunnel in the diagram is used to pipe out extra water?
A．1． B．3． C．5． D．6．
74．Driving in the tunnel, one can know the traffic conditions ahead through ________.
A．the lights B．the electronic signs C．the trucks and cars D．the emergency phones
75．The passage is mainly about _____________.
A．the construction of a road B．the design of a road
C．the construction of two tunnels D．the design of two tunnels
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