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如何在英文寫作中避免性別歧視

編輯: 路逍遙 關鍵詞: 英語學習方法 來源: 逍遙右腦記憶

 四十年來,盡管非性別歧視語還沒有達到非不可的程度,但它畢竟已進人日常會話和寫作的主流之中。隨便翻開一張英美的報紙,或瞧一下五花八門的宣傳廣告,就會發(fā)現(xiàn)supervisor(工頭,領班)替代了原來的foreman,workman’s compensation(工人賠償金)變成了worker’s compensation;sales rep,sales associate或seller(推銷員)取代了常用詞salesman等。

  1.盡量不用通性代詞he,除了明確地指代一個男性人物時,都要設法避免使用之?梢愿鶕(jù)語境需要,選用下列替換方式:

  1)采用復數(shù)形式

  Sexist:When bathing a baby,never leave him unattended.

  Revised:When bathing babies,never leave them unattended.

  給嬰兒洗澡時,一定不能讓他們無人照料。

  2)用we/us/our改寫原句

  Sexist:From each according to his abilities,to each according to his needs.

  Revised:From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.

  各盡所能,按需分配。

  3)改用第二人稱、

  Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.

  Revised: You don‘t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas,purchased something on the ! installment plan and raised an adolescent.

  只有當汽車大的油用光了,按分規(guī)付款方式購物和撫養(yǎng)大一個孩子時,人的本來品性才會顯露出來。

  4)改用被動語態(tài)

  Sexist:One who,when he has the choice of two evils,chooses both.

  Revised:One who,when given the choice of two evils, chooses both.

  一個在兩種惡行之中要作出選擇就兩者都選的人。

  5)完全省略代詞

  Sexist: What a person thinks of after he becomes a departee?

  Revised:What a person thinks of after becoming a departee?

  一個人離去后,會作何感想呢?

  6)用冠詞替代

  Sexist:Can a critic give his opinion of an omelet without being asked to make one?

  Revised:Can a critic give an opinion of...?

  評論家議論煎蛋時難道到非要他去自己煎雞蛋嗎?

  7)用someone,one, the one,no one等替代

  Sexist:He who can take advice is sometimes superior to him who can give it.

  Revised:Someone who can take advice is sometimes superior to the one who can give it.

  接受忠告者有時勝過發(fā)出忠告者。

  8)使用he and she或his and her,但使用的次數(shù)不宜太多。s/he僅可用于備忘錄(memos),便條(notes),或者非正式的交談之中。

  9)用名詞或上下文中用過的同義詞替換

  Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye - to keep him, two.

  Revised: To find a friend,one must close one eye - to keep a friend, two.

  想找朋友;就得睜一只眼,閉一只眼;想留住朋友,就得雙眼都閉上。

  2.盡量使用那些包括兩性在內(nèi)的詞,即無性別之分的詞(gender-free words),

  例如: child,teacher,officer(警官),people,worker, immigrant(移民),voter(投票者,選民), coach(教練),church member(教友), sale rep(推銷員),grand parent(外/祖父或祖母),leader,evening student, employee (雇員),testee(考生,應試者),engineer,customers(顧客), dealer(交易者,商人),clerk(職員,辦事員),civilian(平民),scientist, operator(接線員,辦事員),patriot(愛國者),person, planner(策劃者,計劃者),politician(政客), producer(生產(chǎn)者、制造者),tutor(家庭教師,導師,[美國]助教),reporter,writer,chief executive(首席行政長官),everybody, expert等.

  3、如非特指男性或女性,盡量用同義詞或近義詞替換含有-girl, -woman, -wife, -man后綴的詞,例如:

  calendar girl(月份牌上的美女像)-calendar model掛歷模特

  call girl(應召女郎)--prostitute妓女

  cover girl(雜志封面女郎)--cover model封面模特

  flag girl(女司旗手)--flag bearer司旗手,執(zhí)旗員

  flower girl(賣花女)--flower seller賣花人

  housewife(家庭主婦)--house worker(家務工人)

  midwife(接生婆)--birth attendant(助產(chǎn)士)

  showgirl(舞女,歌女)--dancer(伴舞者)

  chairman(主席)--chair, head(主席,頭頭)

  ring man(賭/賽馬者)--bettor;gambler(賭馬者,者)

  seaman(海員,水兵)--sailor;navigator;mariner pilot, captain水手,航海者,船員,領航員,船長

  spokesman (發(fā)言人) -speaker; representative, voice; press agent發(fā)言人,代表,

  right-hand man(得力助手) --right hand; deputy; assistant;helper得力助手,副手,助理,助手

  4.寫信時,如果不知道收信人的性別,最好不要使用傳統(tǒng)的Dear Sir;Dear Gentleman,Dear Madam.可以選用下列之一:

  1) Dear friends of the library(親愛的圖書館的朋友們)

  2)Dear Madams and Sirs(親愛的女士們及先生們)

  3) Dear Personnel Officer(親愛的人事處長)

  4)Dear Committee Member(親愛的委員)

  5)Dear Citizen(親愛的公民)

  6)Dear Customer(親愛的顧客)

  7) Dear Councilor(親愛的參議員,或顧問)

  8)Dear Agent(親愛的)

  9)Dear Director(親愛的廠長或局長;主任;)

  5.盡量少引用含有通性詞man; men的引語,如果非引用不可,下列處理辦法可供選擇:

  1)不直接引用,把引語進行釋義

  Sexist:W. Phillips said: "The best use of laws is to teach people to trample bed laws under their feet."

  Revised:W. Phillips suggested that the best use of law is to teach people to trample bad ones under their feet.

  W·菲利普斯說:“行使法律的最好辦法是教導人們把不好的法律踩在腳下。"

  2)使用[sic](原文如此)讓讀者意識到原文中的man使用得不大恰當。例如:

  w. Phillips said:“The best used laws is to teach men[sic] to trample bad ones under their feet.”

  3)對上述引語,也可只引用其中的一部分,例如:

  W. Phillips said the best use of laws was to teach people "to trample bad laws under their feet”。  


本文來自:逍遙右腦記憶 http://yy-art.cn/waiyu/yingyuxuexi/16947.html

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