(二)-ing形式:動詞的-ing形式也是一種非謂語動詞。-ing形式仍保留有動詞的特征,可以帶有其所需要的賓語或狀語而構(gòu)成-ing短語。
1、-ing的形式:-ing有一般式和完成式。及物動詞的-ing還有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài),而不及物動詞的-ing則沒有被動語態(tài),F(xiàn)在以及物動詞make 和不及物動詞go為例,將其-ing各種形式列表如下:
動詞 語態(tài)
形式 及物動詞make 不及物動詞go
主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài) 主動語態(tài)
一般式 making being made going
完成式 having made having been made having gone
2、-ing形式的基本用法。
(1)作主語:Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見。Talking is easier than doing. -ing作主語時,如果其結(jié)構(gòu)較長,可用it作形式主語,而將作主語的-ing后置。如:It isn't much good writing to them again. It's no use waiting here.
(2)作表語:Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.
(3)作賓語:①作及物動詞的賓語。She likes drawing very much.;②作某些短語動詞的賓語。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York.;③ do 限定詞(my, some, any, the等) -ing,表示"做…事"之意,如:We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? ④作介詞的賓語:Her sister is good at learning physics.;⑤作形容詞worth, busy等的賓語:This book is well worth reading. -ing作賓語帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語時,要用it作為形式賓語,而將作賓語的-ing后置,如:We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?
(4)作定語:The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注:-ing形式作定語用時,如果-ing只是一個單詞,就位于其修飾的名詞之前,如果是-ing短語,就位于其修飾的名詞之后,-ing作定語時,被-ing所修飾的名詞就是該-ing的邏輯主語。另外,-ing作定語用時,其動作和句子謂語動詞所表示的動作是同時進(jìn)行的,如果不是同時進(jìn)行的,就不能用-ing作定語,要使用定語從句,如:The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.
(5)作賓語補(bǔ)足語:We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注:當(dāng)-ing在復(fù)合賓語中作賓語補(bǔ)足語用時,句中賓語就是這個-ing的邏輯主語,可以帶有這種復(fù)合賓語的動詞有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。
(6)作狀語:①時間狀語:Seeing Tom, I couldn't help thinking of his brother. 分詞在句中作時間狀語時,其前一般可加when或while,如:When crossing street, you must be careful. ②原因狀語:Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. ③方式或伴隨狀語:Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
3、主動語態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。主動語態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動作發(fā)生在句中謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,一般在句中作時間或原因狀語用。句中的主語是它的邏輯主語,并且是它所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者,如:Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.
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