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語法釋疑之分詞

編輯: 路逍遙 關(guān)鍵詞: 英語學(xué)習(xí)方法 來源: 逍遙右腦記憶

 


(一)大家都知道英文的動詞(verb)不像中文那般單純。比如說幫助一詞,雖可做動詞,也可做名詞用;可是就沒有時間性。而英文動詞的變化可就多了,它可變成名詞、形容詞、副詞等,而且還有所謂Tenses(時態(tài))。比如help,就有下列各種時態(tài):
  Simple Present 現(xiàn)在時態(tài) -- help, helps
  Simple Past  過去時態(tài) -- helped
  Simple Future 將來時態(tài) -- shall help, will help ...
  Present Continuous 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài) -- be helping
  Present Perfect  現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài) -- have helped, has helped...
  Present Perfect Continuous 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài) -- have been helped...
  Past Continuous 過去進(jìn)行時態(tài) -- was helping...
  Past Perfect  過去完成時態(tài) -- had helped...
  Past Perfect Continuous 過去完成進(jìn)行時態(tài) -- had been helping...
  Future Continuous 將來進(jìn)行時態(tài) -- shall be helping...
  Future Perfect  將來完成時態(tài) -- shall have helped...
  Future Perfect Continuous 將來完成進(jìn)行時態(tài) -- shall have been helping...
  Present Participle 現(xiàn)在式分詞 -- helping
  Past Participle  過去式分詞 -- helped
  Perfect Participle 完成式分詞 -- having helped...

  實際上,上面所舉的那個help,看來只有下列幾種變形而已:
  help, helping, helped
  但是好多動詞它的Past和Perfect時態(tài)的拼寫法就不太相同,如:
  write: wrote(Past), written(Perfect)
  sing: sang(Past),  sung(Perfect)
  而有些動詞則始終如一,各種時態(tài)(除了各類進(jìn)行式)都是一樣的拼寫,如:
  cut,hit, hurt, let, put, read, shut ...
  上面所談都是一些動詞的基礎(chǔ)知識。言歸正傳,基本上分詞分為下列兩種(第三種的Perfect Participle拼入  Past Participle):
  1. 現(xiàn)在式分詞(Present Participle)
  2. 過去式分詞(Past Participle)
  注意:過去式分詞所用的動詞都屬于完成時態(tài)(Perfect)。

(二)我們先來看看下列的句子:
  1. Mounting(騎上) his horse, the bandit(土匪) rode off.
  2. A soldier, wounded(受傷) in the Great War, came limping(一跛一跛的) by.
  第一個句子中,mounting修飾名詞bandit,因此是個形容詞(Adjective);但它還帶有賓語(Object)horse,因此含有動詞的意味。這就是分詞的特征。
  第二個句子中,wounded也有動詞和形容詞的特征。這個過去分詞還有被動的意思。
  現(xiàn)在分詞(Present Participle, 如mounting)和動名詞(Gerund)一樣,都是在動詞尾加上ing構(gòu)成;而過去分詞(Past Participle,如 wounded)則是在動詞尾加上 ed, en,d, t 所構(gòu)成。
  一、用分詞作為定語(Attributive)/形容詞(Adjective)
  1.1 分詞放在被修飾的名詞之前
  1. Thats an interesting story. (現(xiàn)在分詞interesting, 名詞story)
  2. I hear a barking dog. (barking, dog)
  3. I have often seen falling stars. (falling, stars)
  4. There is great danger in approaching(靠近) a wounded tiger. (過去分詞wounded, 名詞tiger)
  5. A burnt child dreads(懼怕) the fire. (burnt, child)
  1.2 如果是分詞詞組,則放在被修飾的名詞之后
  1. The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately. (名詞boy, 分詞詞組hurt by the car)
  1.3 如果被修飾的名詞是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等,分詞也放在它們的后面
  1. There is nothing interesting. (名詞nothing, 分詞interesting)
  2. I felt something crawling up my leg. (something, crawling)
  1.4 如何分辨作為定詞的分詞或動名詞
  1. 分詞是有動詞性的形容詞,如: I can hear him singing a song.
  2. 動名詞是有動詞性的名詞,如: I do not like his singing.
  3. 分詞和名詞間有主謂關(guān)系,  如:a swimming girl  (游泳的女孩)(你可說:女孩游泳)
  4. 動名詞和名詞間沒有主謂關(guān)系,如:a swimming pool(游泳池)(但你不能說:水池游泳).


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