九年級英語上冊導(dǎo)學(xué)案(魯教版五四制)

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 九年級 來源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)


Unit 3 Periods 1
Section A (1 a—2 c)
Teachers’ words: Protect the animals is practice ourselves.
教材分析.:學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)環(huán)境保護(hù)的語言,使用簡單的目標(biāo)語言制作環(huán)境保護(hù)宣傳海報
能掌握本節(jié)的表示動物名稱的表達(dá),注意聽力獲取信息的能力培養(yǎng)。
Learning aims:1.aster the words and phrases and grammar points of this part .
2.Debate an issue .
ain and difficult points :words and phrases some describe words and phrases
Learning steps:
Step 1:Translate the words.
1.海牛 2.毛皮的 3.巨大的,龐大的 4.頑皮的,愛玩耍的 5.侵犯的,挑釁的 6.灰色的 7.有斑點(diǎn)的 8.袋鼠 9.黑猩猩 10.獵豹 11.沼澤地 12.生長環(huán)境,棲息地 13.水生植物,水生動物 14.飼料,動物的食物 15.植物(總稱) 16.稱,稱,……重量 17.發(fā)現(xiàn),發(fā)覺 18.被污染的
Step 2:Do 1a
Step 3:Listening practice .
1b.Listen and circle the words in 1a that Victor and Ginny use to describe the animals.
Step4:Groupwork.
Think of an animal that is the same as you in some ways .
Write down and let others guess what kind of animal you are like.
Step5:Listening.(2a,2b),then check the answers .
Step 6:精講精練
1.We’re trying to save the manatees!我們正在設(shè)法拯救海牛!
Try是動詞,意為“試圖,設(shè)法”
如:我正設(shè)法算出這道數(shù)學(xué)題。
動詞try還表示“試”、“嘗試”,“試用”
你試過種藥了嗎?
拓展:try搭配的詞組:try to do sth設(shè)法做某事;try on試穿;try out嘗試,實(shí)驗(yàn);try one’s best盡全力;have a try試一下。
⑴明天我將盡量早。
⑵他還沒有試穿過這毛衣。
⑶我們的老師總是嘗試一些新的想法。
⑷Lucy將盡力趕上其他同學(xué)。
⑸讓我試一下。
2.與how 有關(guān)的短語:how big多大、how far多遠(yuǎn)、 how soon多久、how long 多長、how often多少一次、hoide 多寬、how many\much多少
⑴這條街多寬?
⑵你媽媽多久回?
⑶從車站到超市多遠(yuǎn)?
達(dá)標(biāo)測試題
一、選擇
1.There used to be river in front of the city, ?
A.did it B.usedn’t it C.didn’t thereD.did therel
2.Let’s turn the radio down.Your father .
A.is sleepingB.sleptC.sleepsD.is sleep
3.—Where is Bob?—He to the library.
A.is goingB.has beenC.wentD.has gone
4.Another zoo in the city .
A.builtB.has builtC.is being builtD.will being built
5.How long may I your bike ?
A.lendB.borrowC.keepD.get
6.The animals are made in the zoo .
A.liveB.to liveC.livingD.to living
7.I don’t knohen he ,but if he ,I’ll call you .
Aes,comesB.will come, comesCes,will comeD.will come,will come
二、用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
1.nives are (use)to cut things .
2.The children were told that the sun (rise)in the east.
3.Sundenly I realised someone (follow)me.
4.He’s lived here since he (come)to the city .
5.The lived here since he (dig)well.let’s plant tree.
反思:


Unit 3 Periods 2
SectionA(3a-4)
1.Teachers’ words: Help yourself and God will help you.
2. Date
教材分析:本節(jié)應(yīng)當(dāng)掌握描述動物的段落以及表達(dá),并且能運(yùn)用自己的話表明自己的觀點(diǎn),進(jìn)行初步的辯論準(zhǔn)備。
3.Learning Aims(學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo))
⑴aster the different messages and usages of the words.
⑵Learn and read tow letters. Then write a letter and give his or opinion.
⑶Can debate an issue .
4.Learning steps.
Step 1.Revise the key points of last class.
Step 2.Read the article by yourselves and underline the reasons.
Step 3.Read the article again and solve the key points.
1.against介詞必須和be或其它動詞一起用,表示“與……對抗”
Our school played against High School at baseball.
We are for peace and against war.
2.visit及物動詞,名詞是visitor 也可用作名詞,表示參觀.訪問.常構(gòu)成詞組
make a visit to……(參觀,訪問)be on a visit to……(正在參觀/訪問中)go on a visit to……(去訪問,去參觀)This is my first visit to Beijing. r. Brown is on a visit to China.
3.eep的用法,keep doing sth. 意思是繼續(xù)不斷的做某事,一直做某事.
The baby kept crying until his mother came back. keep其他用法 keep+adj. 意思是保持某種狀態(tài)You must keep quiet in the library. keep+sb/sth +表地點(diǎn)的介詞短語。意思是讓某人一直在某地,you’d better keep the chicken in the fridge.
eep sb,/sth.from doing sth.意思是防止某人/某物做某事.
The policemen kept the children form crossing the road when it was dangerous.
eep on doing sth.意思是反復(fù)做某事.Don’t keep on shouting at me.
Step4 ake two teams Take turns giving your opinions. Use the expressions
Step5Write a letter to the editor
Step6 當(dāng)堂練習(xí)
1. ?-She’s quiet and little shy
A. What’s she likeB. What does she like
C. What does she look likeD. What do you like her
2.A hospital is a place .
A. where animals and plans living
B. in where animals and plans live
C. which animals and plans live
D. where animals and plants live
3.It’s very strange that he didn’t feel (surprise) at all after hearing the (surprise) news.
4.Take this medicine ,then you’ll feel better.
A. twice a day B.twice one day
C.twice every dayD.two times each day
5. known to everyone that Beijing will hold the 2008 Olympic Games.
A.ItB.This is C.That is D.It’s
Ⅰ.從方框中選擇適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~,并用其正確的形式填入句子中。有些選項(xiàng)是多余的。


1.any people are worried about the animals.
2.Have you ever a zoo before?
3.I don’t think zoos are places for animals to live.
4.Tigers and some dangerous animals in cages in the zoo.
5.It’s necessary the zoo.
6.A zoo is a textbook for us.
7.This TV program people to protect the environment.
8.Some large animals can move in the cage.
Ⅱ.根據(jù)句意和首字母提示,完成句中單詞。
1.It’s dangerous for animals to drink if the water becomes p .
2.Some animals are g and friendly to people.
3.The animal weighs about 200 p .
4.This is a habitat that has never been d by people.
5.Do you know the r why they didn’t come?
6.The nose of the elephant is about two meters l .
7.Zoos are places of great p for some endangered animals.
8.They have p clean rooms for the visitors.
Ⅲ.句型轉(zhuǎn)換
1.Some endangered animals are looked after in the zoo.(改為同義句)
Some endangered animals are of in the zoo.
2.People are trying to save the manatees .(對畫線部分提問)
are people trying ?
3.It seems that Polar Bears are gentle animals.(改為同義句)
Polar Bears seems gentle animals.
反思:

Unit 3 Periods 3
Section B (1a-2c)
Teachers’ words: Where there is a will ,there is a way.
教材分析:掌握通過聽力獲取特別信息的能力特別重要,角色扮演及現(xiàn)場模擬有利于學(xué)生在真實(shí)環(huán)境中掌握和運(yùn)用英語。
.Learning Aims:
1.aster the words and phrase in this unit.
2.Can work in pairs.
3.Can make up some conversations and practice in public.
.Learning Steps:
step 1 (1) complete the following points
停止駕駛汽車 回收書籍的紙張 當(dāng)你離開房間時關(guān)
當(dāng)你在洗頭時關(guān)上淋浴 不使用紙巾或餐巾紙
⑵.What else can we do to help save the planet? Rank the items form the easiest to the most difficult.
Step2.Pairwork: Compare your answers.
Step3.a.Listen and check the things that Julia and
b.Listen again. Check the things that Julia is doing now, the things she will do in the future and the things she would never do.
Step4.Role play a conversation using the information form the chart above. Say what is sure for you.
點(diǎn)撥:Recycling paper is really easy.
a.本句的主語為動詞短語recycling paper ,recycle為及物動詞,意為“再循環(huán),回收利用”。
The glass from bottles can be recycled.
I know,I stopped using them last year.
a. stop to do sth.When Li ing came, I stopped to talk with him.
b. stop doing sth. When the teacher came in ,I stopped talking.
c. stop…(from) doing. We must stop him(from) doing such a foolish thing.
當(dāng)堂測試:
翻譯下列短語:
1.在某人的空閑時間 2.關(guān)燈 3.停止做某事 4.不同意某人
5.由…制成 6.摧毀,推翻7. 關(guān)懷,照顧 8.過去經(jīng)常做 9.喜歡做某事 10.看起像
根據(jù)句意和首字母提示完成單詞
1.R paper is very important to save trees.
2.We must save the e animals.
3.That zoo is s for animals to live in.
4.It’s our duty to protect the e and make our world more beautiful.
5.We should not p the environment.
用所給單詞的正確形式填空:
1.The old building (set up) yesterday.
2.Young people should speak to old (polite).
3.ost of the trash can (recycle) in the future.
4.Pandas are (endanger) animals.
5.There are many people (pick) up apples.
6.Tim was badly hurt, so he had to stop (walk).
7.He was surprised (see) me in street.
8.That house is old and dangerous. It should (pull) down.
9.There (use) to be a lot of manatees.
10.So far man (travel) farther than the moon..
11.Look!He (play) football.    
12.The shop (close) at five every day.
13.The lab building (build) 30 years ago.
14. (recycle) paper is not difficult.
15.As soon as he saw me, He stopped (speak) to me.
16.When the teacher came in, the students stopped (talk).
句型轉(zhuǎn)換:
1.They are trying to protect the environment .(劃線提問)
are they trying ?
2.We planted many trees in our school yard.(改為被動語態(tài))
any trees in our school yard.
3.Lucy is an inspiration to us all.(改為同義句)
Lucy all us.
4.It seems that your mother isn’t happy today.(改為同義句)
Your mother today.
反思:

Unit3 Periods 4
Section B(3a—4)
Teachers’ words:God help those who help themselves.(自助者天助之)
教材分析:掌握環(huán)保的表述,樹立環(huán)保意識,進(jìn)行關(guān)于保護(hù)環(huán)境的平行書面表達(dá)和社會調(diào)查,熟練運(yùn)用單元語言進(jìn)行辯論的前期準(zhǔn)備。
Learning Aims:
1.Can master the important and difficult points
2.Can look at the pictures and complete the article
Ⅴ.Learning Steps:
Step1.Words and phrases spelling of reading
1.聽說過 2.一個很不平常的女人 3.回收材料
4.拆除 5.由舊玻璃瓶粘成 6.丟棄的磚瓦
7.柵欄由蘇打鐵罐造成 8.從幫助拯救我們的星球協(xié)會獲獎 9.我們大家的榜樣 10.在業(yè)余時間 11.用舊電視做模型玩具
Step2 Answer the following questions:
1.Who taught her how to make her house?
2.What isn’t made out of trash in her house?
3.When did she start making her trash house?
4.Where is the house?
5.Why did she use trash to build a house?
6.How long did it take to build her house?
Step3 Finish 3b-4
1.Look at the pictures and complete the articles
2.Take a class vote about the survey of the recycle things.
Step 4 Explain
1. hear of 意思為聽說,后接名詞,代詞或動名詞,用于疑問句.否定句中,不可用于進(jìn)行時.我以前從未聽說過那事 .
爸爸不同意我說的話 .
2.out of 用…制成What did you make it out of? .
She made a box out of old planks. .
從…里出 He came out of the room. .
在…外 Fish cannot live out of water. .
由于… They helped us out of kindness. .
從…之中 You can chose one out of these ten books. .
缺乏,沒有 He’s out of breath. .
在…范圍之外 They are out of danger. .
3.be made of 這桌子是用木頭做的。
be made out of 那座雕像是由石頭雕成。
be made into竹子可以制成釣魚桿。
Be made in 這些小轎車是日本產(chǎn)的。
be made by 這張桌子是他父親做的。
be made by 計算機(jī)是由許多部組成的。
4.be an inspiration to sb.
Lei Feng’s short life was a great inspiration to youth
Inspire v. The actors inspired the kids.
Inspirsing adj .He is an inspiring teacher. We all like him
Exercise
1.單項(xiàng)選擇:
1.She built a house out of trash.
A.herB.herselfC.hersD. by her
2.The building was being pulled .
A.upB.down.C.out ofD.out
3.The bridge is made big stones.
A.inB.formC.ofD.out
4.The radio is too loud. Will you please ?
A.turn it down B.turn it onC.turn off itD.turn down it
5.Some new buildings for the farmers in the village every year.
A.were builtB.are builtC.is builtD.will be built
2、根據(jù)句意提示寫出空缺單詞的正確形式:
1.When the teacher came in, the students stopped (talk)
2.As soon as he saw me, he stopped (talk)to me.
3. (recycle)paper is difficult.
4.The bridge (build)30years.
5.The shop (close) at five every day.
6.Tina bought a (use) car, but it’s very (use).
7.It is said that there is no (live) things on the moon.
8.The roof of her house is made of (discard).
9.Look!They (play)football on the playground.
反思:

Unit3 Period 5
self-check
Ⅱ.Date: Ⅲ.Teachers’ words: No pains, no gains.
教材分析:進(jìn)行本單元的知識總結(jié)和語法運(yùn)用,具有十分重要的意義,系統(tǒng)回顧所學(xué),進(jìn)行中考前的語言知識復(fù)習(xí),形成綜合能力。
Ⅳ. Learing Aims:
1.aster the words and phrases in this unit.
2.aster the language points of this unit.
Ⅴ.Learning Steps:
Step1 Revise the neords. Read the neords three times.
complete the following
海牛 巨大的 挑釁的 袋鼠 黑猩猩
紅樹 水生的 植物草木 發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)覺 厭惡的
詞語 表達(dá) 總統(tǒng)
Step2 Rive the articles in this unit.
Read the articles twice and check the recitation.
Step3.Finsh Part1and Part2
Step4.Explaining
1.Why are you wearing a coat?
Wear表 狀態(tài)后接衣物.帽.手套.眼鏡.手表等。
She was wearing sun-glasses.
ike is wearing a new coat.
Put on穿著,指狀態(tài),不用與進(jìn)行時連用。
Has often has on a black coat.
Be in 表 穿的狀態(tài),后接表顏色或衣服的詞。
Is he in blue dress?
The woman is in red.
Dress 穿衣,作及物動詞時,其賓語一般是人。
The girl likes to dress in black.
Will you dress the children?
2.That apartment block is old and dangerous.
It should be pulled down.此句是含情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài):情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞
The book may be kept for two weeks by you.
Fish can be found everywhere in the sea.
The ring must be stolen.
Step5當(dāng)堂訓(xùn)練
一、單項(xiàng)選擇
1. you your breakfast?
Yes, I it at school.
A. Did; have; hadB. Have; had; had C. Have hadD. Did; have; have had
2.om,I must to go school at once. By the way, I the cat.
A..have fedB. fedC. will feed D.am feeding
3.I have watered plants but I haven’t fed the cat .
A..yet; yetB.yet; alreadyC.already; alreadyD.already; yet
4.I ’ll clean out the refrigerator
A..just nowB.after a moment C.in a minute D.yet
5.Every day my mother has to do .
A..so many housework B.such many chores C.so much chores D.so much housework
6.Animals are our friends.We must try the endangered animals.
A..to saveB.savingC.savesD.saved
7.Do you knoho America?
A..discoveredB.foundC.findsD.discovers
8.I’m against the animals.
A..killB.to killC.killing D.killed
9.Peter should hardly see the words on the blackboard, ?
A..did heB.couldn’t he C.didn’t heDshould he
10.What is cheese made ?
A..in B.ofC. formD. into
11.He disagreed me.
A..withB.onC. toD. in
12.Don’t forget the door when you leave the classroom.
A..lockB. lockedC.to lockD. locking
二、用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
1.I (send)an e—mail for help but nobody has got back to me yet.
2.Look!There is a cat (climb) up the tree.
3.School (start)at eight and ends at twelve.
4.He used to (take)a walk after supper.
5. you (buy)a travel guidebook? No, not yet.
6.I (do)it hours ago.
7.They (not come)back yet.
反思:

Unit 3 Periods 6
Reading We`re trying to save the planet.
一、目標(biāo)
學(xué)會表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn),并有充足的論據(jù)做支持。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的辯論及交流協(xié)作的能力。學(xué)會正確處理人與自然的關(guān)系。
二、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)
1. Describe the animals correctly.
2. How to improve the students’ writing ability according to the reading materials.
三、預(yù)習(xí)導(dǎo)航
(一)詞匯訓(xùn)練營---翻譯下列單詞或詞組
1. 合適的___  2. 極小的___  3. 籠子___ 
4. 厭惡的___  5. 教育___   6. 強(qiáng)烈要求_______  
7. 表達(dá)____ 8. 反對做某事_______   
9. 在我一生中________ 10. 一個動物生存的好方式________ 11. 關(guān)心_________ 12. 提供某物給某人_________
13. 對做某事感到驚訝______ 14. 強(qiáng)烈要求某人做某事_________
(二)知識大挑戰(zhàn)(中的重要句型和交際用語、語法知識講解;句子結(jié)構(gòu);固定搭配;近年中考例題精講等。)
1. I am writing to say that I am against building a new zoo in our town.
____________________________________________________________________
★against prep. 反對
e.g. They are strongly__________the idea. 他們強(qiáng)烈反對這個主意。
★for prep. 贊同,支持,同意
e.g. I’m all ____ the young enjoying themselves. 我完全贊同年輕人多一些娛樂。
2. 我一生中參觀過許多動物園,從未見到一個我喜歡的或適合動物居住動物生活的。
______________________________________________________________________________
one I liked or that was……是定語從句,______為先行詞,______是關(guān)系代詞。
be suitable for 譯為__________
…for animals to live in 中,注意介詞in不能省略。
3. 動物被關(guān)在極小的籠子里,幾乎不能移動。________________________________________
4. I was very surprised to find hardly anyone there. _____________________________________
be surprised (to do sth.) 譯為_____________
surprising 譯為___________________
5. 我們?yōu)闉l危動物們提供住所,并教育公眾照顧他們。
______________________________________________________________________________
provide sth for sb / provide sb with sth 譯為___________________________
We must provide the children many books.(同意句轉(zhuǎn)換)
________________________________________________________________
(三)思維空間----寫出你所認(rèn)識的動物名稱(至少10種)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(四)化漫談園(與化背景有關(guān)的自主學(xué)習(xí))
1. Have you ever been to the zoo? ________________ 2. What do you think of the zoo?
3. Do you like the zoo? Why?_______________________
4. Give me some reasons of the advantages and disadvantages of the zoo.
Advantages: ____________________________________________________________________
Disadvantages: __________________________________________________________________(五)自學(xué)樂園
一、根據(jù)英語釋義,寫出下列單詞
1 make safe from danger (s______________)2 with lots of fur (f________________)
3 kind and ready to help others (g___________)4 funny and interesting (p____________)
5 very great huge (e_______________)6 the animal that has a pocket (k_______________)
7 full of power powerful (s_______________)8 extremely small (t_______________)
9 in opposition to (a________________) 10 teach train the character of mind of (e___________)
二、用所給動詞的正確時態(tài)填空
1. Be careful! The baby ______________ (sleep).
2.Our physics teacher said light ________________(travel) faster than sound.
3.ary __________ (go) to the zoo once a month.
4.Jim _____________ (live) here for ten years.
5.There __________________ (be) a football match next week.
6.By the time we got to the station the train __________________ (leave).
7.What ___________ you _____________ (do) at this time yesterday?
8.I _______________already _______________ (finish) my homework so I can play no
9.No one knehat ________________ (happen) in one hundred years .
10.any man-made satellites _____________ (send) up into space so far.

四、學(xué)習(xí)過程(根據(jù)聽、說、讀、寫設(shè)計學(xué)習(xí)過程)
任務(wù)一:Can you guess what animals they are?
任務(wù)二:1. Watch the video of antelope. Then talk about it.
2. Do you think building zoos is a good way to protect the animals?
任務(wù)三:Read the letter in 3a and underline the reason why the writer is opposed to zoos.
任務(wù)四:3b Read this letter to the editor. What’s “Animal Friend” opinion about the zoo?
任務(wù)五:Debate: Do you think zoos are good for animals?
Useful expressions
I think that…..I agree with you.
I believe that….I disagree with you.
I feel that….I agree that….
Summary
Pros:______________________________________________________________________
Cons:_____________________________________________________________________
任務(wù)六:Write a letter to the editor and give your opinion.
Dear Editor
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
sincerely
…….
五、后檢測
(一)基礎(chǔ)知識題-----選擇填空
( )1 Would you like _______ dinner with me?
A to haveB havingC have D had
( )2 Sometimes he feels like ______ to give up.
A to wantB wantingC wantD wanted
( )3 Though I like ______ I don’t like ______ with you today.
A to swim swimming B swimming swimming
C to swim to swim D swimming to swim
( )4 There _____ a lot of trees here but now it has become desert.
A isB areC used to beD used to being
( )ou should _______ if you have some new ideas.
A try them onB try them outC try on themD try out them
( )6 any rivers ______.
A have became pollutedB have become polluted
C have been pollutingD have become polluting
( )7 Who are you going to play _______?
A atB forC toD against
( )8 ost of us are strongly against ______ animals.
A to huntB huntedC huntD hunting
( )9 There are hardly any people ______?
A are theyB aren’t theyC are hereD aren’t there
( )10 To our _____ they have found the car which was stolen ten years ago.
A surprisingB surprisedC surprisesD surprise
( )11 Do you still remember ____ me somewhere in Shanghai?
A to seeB seeC seeingD saw
( )12 -Did you win the basketball game? -Bad luck. Our team _____ in the final one.
A wonB beatC was wonD was beaten
( )13 ?Can you catch what I said? ?Sorry I can _______ understand it.
A almostB hardlyC nearbyD never
( )14 In the exam the ____ you are the _____ mistakes you’ll make.
A carefully; littleB more carefully; fewest
C more careful; fewerD more careful; less
( )15 ?Do you feel like ______ or shall we go by bus?
?I prefer to walk but we have ____ a taxi for time is short.
A walking; to takeB to walk; takeC walking; takenD to walk; took
( )16 We are used to _____from one place to another.
A moveB movingC movedD moves
( )17 Inventors like to _____ new ideas.
A have a tryB tryC try onD try out
( )18 I think that animals should not live in zoos. I agree ______ you.
A to B aboutC withD on
( )19 I don’t think zoos are good places for animals to live in ______?
A do youB don’t youC are theyD aren’t they
( )20 We should stop people _______ water.
A to wasteB wastingC wasteD from wasting
(二)能力提高題-------完形填空
I first saw the baby panda when she was only 10 days old. She looked like a white mouse. We _____1 her Xi Wang. It means “hope”.
When Xi Wang was born she weighed(重)_____2 100 grams(克). Xi Wang drank her mother’s milk for as much as 14 hours a day. When she was six months old she started to eat bamboo shoots(嫩芽) and ______3 . Eight months later she was not a small baby any more. She grew into a ______4 young panda and weighed 35 kilos. When Xi Wang was months old she had to look after herself ______5 her mother had another baby. _____6 it is very difficult for pandas to live in the wild(野外). Here are some of the _______7 that pandas like Xi Wang may have it the future.
If hunters catch a panda they will kill it for its fur(毛皮). If farmers _____8 trees and forests pandas will have no place to live in.
When mothers leave baby pandas alone people will often take them away. People think that the baby pandas need _______9.
If pandas are in danger we should try our best to protect them. If we do ______10 soon there will be no more pandas in the world!
( )1 A madeB calledC toldD kept
( )2 A quiteB mostlyC justD hardly
( )3 A leaves B vegetablesC treesD chips
( )4 A strangeB weakC famousD healthy
( )5 A thoughB untilC becauseD whether
( )6 A LuckilyB SuddenlyC SadlyD Especially
( )7 A examplesB questionsC mattersD problems
( )8 A cut downB plantC protectD water
( )9 A moneyB helpC clothesD family
( )10 A nothingB everythingC anythingD something
六、我的反思
________________________________________________________________________




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