【編者按】非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括不定式、動(dòng)詞ing和過去分詞等幾種形式，這是歷年高考必考內(nèi)容，每年都會(huì)有1-2題涉及該部分要點(diǎn)�？键c(diǎn)集中在：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別;動(dòng)名詞和不定式作賓語(yǔ)的用法比較;現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法比較;特定句型中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法等。
專題八 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
1.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成和語(yǔ)法功能及用法對(duì)比。
2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的完成式、被動(dòng)式的用法和特點(diǎn)。
3.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)及否定形式。
4.不定式與動(dòng)名詞， 動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞，現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞，分詞作狀語(yǔ)與獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)等用法對(duì)比。
5.不定式和動(dòng)名詞在及物動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別是考查的熱點(diǎn)。
6.過去分詞作定語(yǔ)，不定式和分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法。
7.不定式標(biāo)志to和介詞to的用法判斷等。
8.帶to與不帶to的不定式的用法及區(qū)別。
考點(diǎn)一、考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的識(shí)別
英語(yǔ)句子至少應(yīng)該包括主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)兩部分, 而多數(shù)情況下謂語(yǔ)都由動(dòng)詞來充當(dāng)。如果對(duì)句子成分劃分不清，把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞混淆, 做題效果可想而知。要克服這一毛病，關(guān)鍵在于正確判斷、識(shí)別動(dòng)詞在句中是否充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)。如：
1. The children (play) _____ the violin over ther e will go on the stage next week.
根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，我們可以看出這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。主語(yǔ)是The children，謂語(yǔ)部分是will go on the stage，動(dòng)詞play顯然在句中不作謂語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。依據(jù)play與它的邏輯主語(yǔ)children之間的主動(dòng)關(guān)系以及拉小提琴動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，可以判斷用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾children，意為“正在那邊拉小提琴的小孩”，因而正確答案為playing。
考點(diǎn)二、考查作狀語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的辨析
作狀語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要考查其各種形式的辨析，即是選擇動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞作狀語(yǔ), 不同的狀語(yǔ)對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的要求不同。 動(dòng)詞不定式主要作目的、結(jié)果和原因狀語(yǔ);現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞主要作時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式和伴隨狀語(yǔ)，兩者不同之處在于：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作,即它的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，而過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，雖然它的邏輯主語(yǔ)也是句子的主語(yǔ)，但過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。請(qǐng)看下面例題：
1.____tired of Tom’s all-talk-no-action attitude, Julia decided to do the job all by herself.
A) To get B) To have got
C) Getting D) Have got
一般來說，在句子中沒有連接詞的情況下, 逗號(hào)是無力連接兩個(gè)句子的。據(jù)此，首先可以確定 這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)放在句首作狀語(yǔ)。依據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)get tired of與其邏輯主語(yǔ)Julia之間的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，以及謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，沒有明顯的先后順序，可以斷定應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般式作原因狀語(yǔ),即“由于厭倦了Tom只說不做的工作態(tài)度”，故正確答案為C。
考點(diǎn)三、考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞邏輯主語(yǔ)的分辨
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞雖然在句中不作謂語(yǔ)，但仍然有自己邏輯上的主語(yǔ)。歷年各種考試的重點(diǎn)在于正確分辨非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是什么，兩者之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，特別是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)候。我們知道，當(dāng)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在句首作狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，一般來說，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)，那么，當(dāng)它的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，又會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么現(xiàn)象呢?請(qǐng)看下面例題：
1. The last bus (go)____, we had to walk home.
2. Weather (permit)____, the spaceship will be launched tomorrow evening.
這兩個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)都不是句子的主語(yǔ)，而是分別有它自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，即“是 末班車開走了，而不是我們走了”,“是天氣允許,而不是飛船允許”，這種現(xiàn)象或結(jié)構(gòu)就是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。依據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)關(guān)系,正確答案分別為having gone和permitting。
請(qǐng)?jiān)倏聪旅胬}：
3. The work (finish) _____, they may go home.
4. The problem (discuss) _____ at the meeting- room now, the workers had to wait outdoors.
同樣，這兩道題的結(jié)構(gòu)也是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。依據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系以及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間性，可以判斷正確答案分別為finished(已完成)和being discussed(正在進(jìn)行)。
考點(diǎn)四、考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)的把握
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞雖然在句中不作謂語(yǔ)，但它仍然具有動(dòng)詞的特征，即可以有自己的主語(yǔ)(邏輯主語(yǔ)),也可以有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)形式都是依據(jù)句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式而變化的。一般情況下，如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或之后發(fā)生, 就用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一般 式或進(jìn)行式(側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行);如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，就用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的完成式(特別強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)在于正確把握非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例如：
____ that Bob had got promoted, his friends came to congratulate him.
A) Heard B) Having heard
C) Hear D) To hear
依據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞hear與其邏輯主語(yǔ)his friends之間的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，以及前后句的邏輯關(guān)系，可以斷定用現(xiàn)在分詞形式來作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，再根據(jù)現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作“聽說”發(fā)生在主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“來”之前，由此判斷應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式(只用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)使用)，意為“聽說Bob已得到提升，他的朋友都來向他表示祝賀”，故正確答案為B。
考點(diǎn)五、考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)句式的轉(zhuǎn)變
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞)作主語(yǔ)主要考查其句式的轉(zhuǎn)變，習(xí)慣上通常把it作為形式主語(yǔ)放在句首，作題時(shí)要善于分辨這種形式上的轉(zhuǎn)變。請(qǐng)看下面例題：
1. It is an honour for me (be) _____ your English teacher.
2. It is no use of us (wait) _____ at home like this.
根據(jù)對(duì)句式的分析，可以判斷出It是形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)由非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞)來充當(dāng)。依據(jù)表語(yǔ)的特性以及句式的特點(diǎn),我們可以斷定第1題應(yīng)該填動(dòng)詞不定式，即to be，第2題應(yīng)該填動(dòng)名詞，即waiting。
六、考查作定語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的判斷
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)主要考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作后置定語(yǔ)的情況，這里關(guān)鍵要把握住非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)行為還是被動(dòng)行為,以及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間性，即是正在進(jìn)行或已經(jīng)完成還是將要發(fā)生。一般來說，用現(xiàn)在分詞一般式作定語(yǔ)往往表示動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)行為且正在進(jìn)行當(dāng)中，如果動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)行為且正在進(jìn)行當(dāng)中，就用現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);用過去分詞作定語(yǔ)往往表示動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)行為且已經(jīng)完成; 用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如果是被動(dòng)行為，就用動(dòng)詞不定式一般式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 例如：
1. The boy (cry)____ over there is my younger brother.
依據(jù)cry與它的邏輯主語(yǔ)The boy之間的主動(dòng)關(guān)系和cry的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾boy，因而正確答案為crying。
【精選試題】 模 擬題及其答案
1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college.
A. enter。mB. to enter
C. entering。mD. entered
2He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus.
A. to hope。mB. hope
C. hoping。mD. hoped
3.He spent every minute he could _____ spoken English.
A. practise。mB. to practise
C. practising。mD. practised
4.Before going abroad he devoted all he could _______ his oral English.
A. improve。mB. to improve
C. improvingD. to improving
5. He knows nothing about it, so he can’t help _______ any of your work.
A. doingB. to do
C. being doingD. to be done
6. All her time _______ experiments, she has no time for films.
A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing
C. devoting to doi ng D. is devoted to doing
7. Once your business becomes international, _____ constantly will be part of your life.
A. you fly B. your flight
C. flight D. flying
8. Not only should you get used ______ under difficult conditions but you also you pay more attention ______ your work well.
A. to work, to do B. to working, to doing
C. to work, to doing D. to working, to do
9. Both of my parents insisted _______ a computer for me, but I don’t think it is necessary.
A. to buy B. buying
C. on buying D. in buying
10. “Do you have anything more ______, sir?” “No. You can have a rest or do something else.”
A. typing B. to be typed
C. typed D. to type
11. I don’t know whether you happen ____ it, but I’m going to study in the U.S.A. this September.
A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard
12. _____ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _____ t he beautiful scenery.
A. Tiring; to admire B. Being tired; admiring
C. Tired; to admire D. Tired; admiring
13. Don’t leave the water ____ while you brush your teeth .
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
14. He looked around and caught a man _____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A. put B. to be put C. to put D. putting
15. _____ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it.
A. Having stolen B. Having been stolen C. Stolen D. Stealing
16. To answer correctly is more important than _____.
A. that you finish quickly B. finishing quickly C. to finish quickly D. finish quickly
17. You will see this product made in this factory _____ wherever you go.
A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising
18. The monument was built in honor of the explorer who was believed _____ the river.
A. to have discovered B. to have been discovered
C. to discover D. having been discovered
19. —— Have you considered _____ your job as a teacher?
——Yes. I like the job because a teacher is often considered _____ a gardener.
A. to change; to be B. to change; being C. changing; being D. changing; to be
20. Mr. Green is said _____ an experiment to prove the new method of solving the problem when young.
A. to do B. to have done C. to be doing D. to have been doing
21. Seeing the soldiers well _____ for the flood-fight, the general nodded with satisfaction.
A. prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. having prepared
22.(山西省晉中市2009學(xué)年度高三年級(jí)第一次調(diào)研考試題，35)I walked out of the cinema,
I'd never come back to this hell of a place. A.determining B.decided C.to determine D.to decide
23.(山東省日照市2009年高三模擬考試，26)Every time he had a chance，he would talk about the great difficulty he had in the new country.
A.settled B.settling C .to settle D.settle
24. (山東省濟(jì)寧市2008—2009學(xué)年度高三第一階段質(zhì)量檢測(cè)，32)There was a sudden burst of light a terrible noise.
A.following B.to follow C.followed D.followed by
25.(福建福州八中2009年元月高三調(diào)研考試試卷，30) in a red skirt in the opening ceremony of the 2008 Olympic Games, the little girl Lin Miaoke won the hearts of the people all over the world.
A.Dressed B.Worn C.Dressing D.Wearing
26.(福建福州八中2009年元月高三調(diào)研考試試卷，34)The problems at the meeting tomorrow are really hard to solve.
A.discussed B.to discuss C.to be discussed D.discussing
27.(唐山市2008-2009學(xué)年度高一第一次教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè)，20) When why he behaved that way at table，he made no reply.
A.being asked B. asked C.asking D.to ask
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