非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法和含義,我們將分別從三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句子中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)以及一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句型等角度來(lái)區(qū)分其用法和細(xì)微含義。
1.不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
(1)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)通常表示抽象動(dòng)作;而不定式作主語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽這么多煙對(duì)你身體很不好。(具體)
(2)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
不定式短語(yǔ)通常用來(lái)表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰時(shí)刻開(kāi)車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))
(3)不定式做主語(yǔ),一般用it當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ),把作主語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
(1)不定式作表語(yǔ)
1)不定式作表語(yǔ)一般表示具體動(dòng)作,特別是表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做兩件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開(kāi)始干。
(2)如果主語(yǔ)是不定式(表示條件),表語(yǔ)也是不定式(表示結(jié)果)。
To see is to believe.百聞不如一見(jiàn)。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是為了生活。
(3)如果主語(yǔ)是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等為中心的名詞,或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句,不定式作表語(yǔ)是對(duì)主語(yǔ)起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明 作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)買一輛豪華轎車。
The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
(2)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ):動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ),表示抽象的一般性的行為。
Our work is serving the people.我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛(ài)好是集郵。
注:動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同,但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異,進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)完成的。動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或情況。
(2)有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)
acknowledge承認(rèn),自認(rèn) cease 停止 mention說(shuō)到,講到
admit 承認(rèn) tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡,討厭
advocate:提倡,主張 complete完成 dread可怕
appreciate 感激,欣賞 confess坦白 endure忍受
avoid避免 contemplate細(xì)想 enjoy享有,喜愛(ài)
bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can't help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑,逃避
can't stand受不了 deny否認(rèn) excuse借口
consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想,愛(ài)好
favor 造成,偏愛(ài) mind 介意 repent悔悟
figure描繪,計(jì)算 miss錯(cuò)過(guò) resent怨恨
finish完成,結(jié)束不得 pardon原諒,饒恕 resist抵抗,阻止
forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復(fù)
imagine設(shè)想 postpone延遲,延期 risk冒險(xiǎn)
involve卷入,包含 practise 實(shí)行,實(shí)踐 suggest建議
hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營(yíng)救,儲(chǔ)蓄
keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅(jiān)持,忍受
loathe非常討厭,厭惡 recall回想
例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)。
(3)有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的差別
1)forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing忘記做過(guò)某事(此事已做過(guò)或已發(fā)生)
2)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事
3)remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)
remember doing記得做過(guò)某事(已做)
4) regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾
regret doing對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔
5)try to do努力、企圖做某事
try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法
6) mean to do打算,有意要…
mean doing意味著
7)go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)
go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒(méi)有做完的事情)
8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)
proposing doing建議(做某事)
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為;+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念
(注)如果這些動(dòng)詞前有should一詞,其后賓語(yǔ)只跟不定式,不能跟動(dòng)名詞。例如:
I should like to see him tomorrow.
10) need, want, deserve +動(dòng)名詞表被動(dòng)意義;+不定式被動(dòng)態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)人嗎?
You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要記著是明天動(dòng)身。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔給她講過(guò)我的想法。(已講過(guò))
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實(shí)在沒(méi)辦法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
Let's try doing the work some other way.讓我們?cè)囈辉囉昧硗庖环N辦法來(lái)做這工作。
I didn't mean to hurt your feeling.我沒(méi)想要傷害你的感情。
This illness will mean (your) going to hospital.得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。
4.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
(1)不定式作定語(yǔ)
1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一個(gè)離開(kāi)教室的。
The train to arrive was from London.將要到站的火車是從倫敦開(kāi)來(lái)的。
2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系
Get him something to eat.給他拿點(diǎn)兒東西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語(yǔ),要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,這里的介詞不能省去。
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支筆寫(xiě)字。
There is nothing to worry about.沒(méi)有什么值得發(fā)愁的。
4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等抽象名詞如:
ability能力,本領(lǐng) drive趕,駕駛 movement運(yùn)動(dòng),活動(dòng)
ambition抱負(fù),野心 effort努力,嘗試 need需要,需求
campaign戰(zhàn)役,運(yùn)動(dòng) failure失敗,不及格 opportunity機(jī)會(huì)
chance機(jī)會(huì) force力,壓力,要點(diǎn) promise許諾,希望
courage勇氣 intention意向,意圖 reason理由,原因
decision決定 method方法,方式 light光,光線,亮光
determination決心,決定 motive動(dòng)機(jī),目的 struggle奮斗,努力,
tendency傾向,趨勢(shì) wish希望,愿望,祝愿
5)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定詞時(shí)候,只能用不定式。
6)不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語(yǔ)。
John will do anything but work on a farm.除了農(nóng)活,約翰什么都愿意干。
7)如果其動(dòng)詞要求用不定式做賓語(yǔ),或者其形容詞要器接不定式做補(bǔ)語(yǔ),則相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如: tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true.他要買輛車的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.
他們放棄這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的決定使我們大吃一驚。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他總是第一個(gè)到來(lái),最后一個(gè)離去。
(2)分詞作定語(yǔ)
分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)有下面幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):
1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義,過(guò)去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)含意。
2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house.他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房間是我們的教室。
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個(gè)修好的表了嗎?
He is an advanced teacher.他是個(gè)先進(jìn)教師。
3)下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過(guò)去分詞形式做定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),但不具有被動(dòng)意義,這點(diǎn)要注意:
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的時(shí)間關(guān)系
一般來(lái)說(shuō),不定式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后;現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生;過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。例如:
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
你要見(jiàn)那位將從北京請(qǐng)來(lái)的醫(yī)生嗎?
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要見(jiàn)那位正在辦公室里寫(xiě)病歷的醫(yī)生嗎?
5.不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。
現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)與過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)關(guān)系的區(qū)別。
1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作,它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何辦是好,他去找父母幫忙。
2)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作,它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果對(duì)這些樹(shù)多關(guān)心一些,它們本來(lái)會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難的時(shí)候,我們必須設(shè)法克服。
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
1)分詞作狀語(yǔ)一般表示伴隨,而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他們站在路邊談?wù)撝@個(gè)計(jì)劃。(伴隨)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個(gè)計(jì)劃。(目的)
2)分詞作狀語(yǔ)放在句子開(kāi)頭,除表示原因之外有時(shí)表示時(shí)間或條件。動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),除了表示目的以外,還表示結(jié)果或原因。
Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在專心讀書(shū),他忘了吃午飯的時(shí)間。(原因)
Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔細(xì)讀書(shū)時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時(shí)間)
Reading carefully,you'll learn something new.只要你仔細(xì)閱讀,你會(huì)學(xué)到一些新的東西。(條件)
His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太窮,不能維持他的生活。(結(jié)果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.這男孩個(gè)子不夠高,手伸不到書(shū)架。(結(jié)果)
We are glad to hear the news.我們很高興聽(tīng)到這消息。(原因)
(3)下面一些句型是不定式做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)候應(yīng)該注意的:
a:not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義
b:做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾,常見(jiàn)的不定式動(dòng)詞有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c:不定式做狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般為句子的主語(yǔ),否則用for引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)。
6.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)
(1)疑問(wèn)詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
疑問(wèn)詞who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語(yǔ)。它在句中可以用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和雙重賓語(yǔ)。如:
When to start has not been decided.何時(shí)動(dòng)身尚未決定。(主語(yǔ))
I don't know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語(yǔ))
The difficulty was how to cross the river.困難在于如何過(guò)河。(表語(yǔ))
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書(shū)。(雙重賓語(yǔ))
注)A.有時(shí)疑問(wèn)詞前可用介詞,如:
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.動(dòng)詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語(yǔ),只能跟疑問(wèn)詞(如:how, what)+不定式:
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
(2)介詞except和but作“只有…,只能…”講時(shí)跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)(but與不帶to的不定式連用)。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.
(3)不帶to的不定式
1)在表示生理感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有:
feel 覺(jué)得 observe 注意到,看到 overhear聽(tīng)到
watch注視 listen to聽(tīng) perceive察覺(jué),感知
notice注意 see看見(jiàn) look at看 hear聽(tīng)
On seeing the young child fell into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went on the rescue.
2)另一類是某些使役動(dòng)詞,如make, let,have等。如:
Let him do it.讓他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
(注):
①上述感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞與使役動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí).其后的不定式一般需帶to,如:
He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在動(dòng)詞find與help之后,不定式可帶to亦可不帶to,如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄,感到驚訝。
3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上,我除了看電視別的什么也沒(méi)有干。
但是,如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙,其它什么都沒(méi)有說(shuō)。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他們沒(méi)有別有別的辦法。
(4)不定式與動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)和分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
1)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)為:for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如:
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個(gè)人干這活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面,常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。例如:
It was wise of him to do that.他那樣做是明智的。
2)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)為;①人稱代詞的所有格+動(dòng)名詞;②名詞's+動(dòng)名詞。例如:
Tom insisted on my going with them.他堅(jiān)持要我和他們一起去。
He dislikes his wife's working late.他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容詞,如:careless等不定式后可以加of來(lái)引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語(yǔ)。這類詞主要有:absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
It is very kind of you to help me.你幫助我太好了。
間或也可用for + there to be表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。
It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。
7.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的有關(guān)句型
(1)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的句型
1)Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術(shù)。Seeing is believing.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭沒(méi)有用。It is no good objecting.反對(duì)也沒(méi)有用。
It is a great fun playing football.打籃球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain.設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
3)It is + useless (nice, good,interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth.
It is useless speaking.光說(shuō)沒(méi)用。
It is nice seeing you again.真高興又遇到了你。
It is good Playing chess after supper.晚飯后弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car.開(kāi)這種小車是浪費(fèi)。
People cannot but feel puzzled, for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(3)分詞作表語(yǔ)
分詞做表語(yǔ)有兩種情況,一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ),一種是過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ),這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?嫉降牡胤。一般來(lái)說(shuō),表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如excite, interest等都是及物動(dòng)詞,漢語(yǔ)意思不是“激動(dòng)”,“高興”,而是“使激動(dòng)”、“使高興”,因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動(dòng)的”、“令人高興的”,過(guò)去分詞則是“感到激動(dòng)的”和“感到高興的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說(shuō),若人對(duì)……感興趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時(shí),就是說(shuō)sb./sth. is interesting.
這類詞常見(jiàn)的有:
interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動(dòng)的--excited感到激動(dòng)的
delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費(fèi)解的--puzzled感到費(fèi)解的
satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的
surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔(dān)心的--worried感到擔(dān)心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多,他們會(huì)感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,他們非常激動(dòng)。
3.不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
英語(yǔ)中大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞既可跟不定式,也可跟動(dòng)名詞作直接賓語(yǔ),但有些動(dòng)詞要求:
(1)不定式做賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
1)下面的動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓語(yǔ)
attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視
afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲,打算
begin開(kāi)始 expect期望 omit忽略,漏
appear似乎,顯得 determine決定 manage設(shè)法
cease停止 hate憎恨,厭惡 pretend假裝
ask問(wèn) dread害怕 need需要
agree同意 desire愿望 love愛(ài)
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供
beg請(qǐng)求 fail不能 plan計(jì)劃
bother擾亂;煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡,寧愿
care關(guān)心,喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準(zhǔn)備
decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí) regret抱歉,遺憾
choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明
claim要求 hope希望 promise承諾,允許
start開(kāi)始 undertake承接 want想要
consent同意,贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕
decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí) vow起
contrive設(shè)法,圖謀 incline有…傾向 propose提議
seek找,尋覓 try試圖
2)下面的動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓補(bǔ):動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞不定式
ask要求,邀請(qǐng) get請(qǐng),得到 prompt促使
allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡,寧愿
announce宣布 force強(qiáng)迫 press迫使
bride 收買 inspire鼓舞 request請(qǐng)求
assist協(xié)助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定,表示
advise勸告 exhort告誡,勉勵(lì) pray請(qǐng)求
authorize授權(quán),委托 help幫助 recommend勸告,推薦
bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒
beg請(qǐng)求 induce引誘 report報(bào)告
compel強(qiáng)迫 invite吸引,邀請(qǐng), summon傳喚
command命令 intend想要,企圖 show 顯示
drive驅(qū)趕 mean意欲,打算 train訓(xùn)練
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求
deserve應(yīng)受 leave使,讓 tell告訴
direct指導(dǎo) like喜歡 tempt勸誘
entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡
enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵(lì),力說(shuō)
encourage鼓勵(lì) oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指責(zé),譴責(zé) lead引起,使得 teach教
entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望
本文來(lái)自:逍遙右腦記憶 http://yy-art.cn/waiyu/yingyuxuexi/16445.html
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